Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Action Research Using Digital Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Action Research Using Digital Technology - Essay Example The use of digital technology has an effect on the teaching process where the teachers ensure that they use computers to revise with the students and help them learn. The students learning at ESOL Entry level 3 Curriculum use digital technology to revise their skills and competences. The revision exercise is done in order to ensure that the students get the best out of the learning process. The ESOL learning curriculum makes the students become equipped with the process of learning, which enables them to become more competent in their day to day lives. The curriculum can also be taught using digital technology where the teachers ensure they use the computers to help the students. These can be incorporated by use of games as block busters, who wants to be a millionaire and World of War craft (WOW). The use of games makes the process of teaching and learning fun and thus the teachers together with the learners are able to get more through the use of games in learning, a process called gamification. Gamification helps in ensuring that the students find fun in learning through the use of games, which motivates them to learn more and get to correct some of the mistakes that they might be experiencing without having difficulties. The ESOL learning helps the learners understand the English language and become competent as they gain skills which enable them understand and communicate effectively with the other people. The game block buster for example, is used by the teachers to make the learning process humanistic and active. The game is used to improve the vocabulary of the learners as they use the English language on their day to day lives. The students get familiar with the language because there are lots of readings that the learners have to take in so as to ensure they get and develop the learning skills. The game has a study skill feature which helps the learners develop the strategies which help them become autonomous as they learn the language. The game has go t songs which help the students enjoy the learning process through singing. This is evident as the students are able to relate the language they are learning with the songs that they sing on daily basis. These are the skills that the learners get as they continue with the process of learning and developing skills (Express Publishing, 2012). The teachers use the block buster game as a teaching tool for the English course and they get to learn the language using it. The game also enables the students to record themselves and assess their progress in learning, which is an advantage to them because they are able to know their progress in learning. The other game that is used for learning is Who Wants to be A Millionaire. This game helps the learners to answer questions which as the game progress, they become difficult. The questions asked have choices of which one of the choices is the correct one. If the learner gives the correct answer to a question asked, the pay off increases. If th e answer given is incorrect, the game becomes over (Jefferson Lab, 2012). The World of War craft (WOW) game is also another tool that is used to improve the learning process of the students. This is a game that helps in the solving problems and it increases the thinking capacity of individuals. This means that as the levels of the game progress, the game becomes difficult as the speed also increases. The game is

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Uk Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Uk Tourism Industry Tourism Essay This report looks at the strategy evaluation of the UK tourism industry to be implemented. Firstly, the paper provides the background information to the UK tourism industry issues within the last few years. There is depicted a place of tourism industry in the United Kingdom regarding the economy and law regulations. Moreover, the paper determines the current issues of improving this kind of industry. The role of Visit Britain is indicated as well because it is the crucial tourist organisation that enables the UK to hold its position along with the competing markets and sustains the country to be the leading international attraction for tourist, proved by the seventh rate place in the world for visitor quantity. Hence, every year Visit Britain runs its promoting campaign to accomplish the key objectives of increasing and maintaining the level of the tourist industry inbound and outbound, such as to enhance the quantity of tourists for a period after Olympic Games drawing the precise attention to the Chinese tourists. In order to achieve those goals there are a few issues of the tourist industry indicated in this report. The section dedicated to the target group focus, namely the UK visitors, analyse the main features of encouraging tourists, especially Chinese, to this kind of industry, declared by the UK government as the leading key objective. Some of them are to investigate and analyse the obstacles that occur therewith to ease an extent of making the country more accessible and affordable. Moreover, the report offers the possible suggestions for such issues. In addition, the paper analyses product presentation in campaign put on market by Visit Britain and the country government for a period before the Olympic Games. The report determines pros and cons of this campaign, and consequences appeared in the framework of its application. Importance of the UK competitive markets is briefly drawn. The key point is to evaluate the statistics of visitor quantity and spend in the UK and other competitors. The strategic options and suggestions are provided in the report as the main markers of increasing the tourism industry in the UK. Introduction Tourism industry is regarded as the essential market sector in the United Kingdoms economy. A lot of strengths and efforts have already been given to attract the home and foreign visitors to visit the countrys spectaculars, especially the Olympic Games 2012, hence, the UK government is dedicated to engage even more visitors and gain more profits. Visit Britain is the one of tourist organisations that creates and implements the special measures for increasing the UK popularity among tourists. Methodology In order to collect information for the report analysis the electronic and written sources were applied. This information generated was mostly obtained from the market reports and statistics provided by the tourist organisations, such as Visit Britain, Institute of Travel and Tourism, Tourism Alliance, Tourism Management Institute, Tourism Consultants Network, Office for National Statistics and International Euromonitor. The data collected has been analysed and evaluated in order to formulate the strategic variants and recommendations. There were applied a few analytical schemes, such as Porters competitive position model. The information provided was managed in this report. Evaluation of Findings According to the Tourism Alliance Tourism for Growth (2009)à Ã‚ ± the United Kingdom has a great potential for improving the economy and condition, such as employment availability, from the tourism industry. As a proof of the above mentioned was issued the major study Economic Contribution of the Visitor Economy: UK and the Nations (2010) that states there is a wide space to develop domestic and inbound types of tourist industry up to  £58b (3,5%) within the next decade. Moreover, the Visit Englands English Tourism Strategy provides the depiction of the possible potential increase in the tourism value: In addition, there is the possibility that the outbound tourism rates in the UK will heighten at the same pace, the tourism value could be up to  £400b within the next decade. Thus, such situation would accumulate an evaluated 700,000 additional workplaces in all sectors of the UK. This sets the important fact that the revenue gained from this activities will be distributed among cities, towns and rural plots, described in the diagram as follows (Economic Contribution of the Visitor Economy: UK and the Nations (2010)): Tourism is regarded as the sixth largest industry in the UK bringing to  £105b income every year. The main sectors of the tourism industry in the UK are hospitality, attractions, events, visitor transport, education and tourism services. For the period, when there is the Olympics promoting campaign of the UK tourist organisations, the extent to which this campaign is successful is shown in the table provided by Visit Britain corporate website: It is considered to engage the Chinese visitors into the UK which can be explained only by the reason that the development of India and China makes those countries the possible target for worldwide tourism. The government of the United Kingdom clears out the situation by stating the will to start the GREAT campaign, at first in these countries. The product presentation over the years has gradually changed its position according to the Tourism Policy Report (2009) where is depicted the table of the most competitive countries in years of 2007-2009: Key Issues The information gathered in the report assumes the following issues identified: The inability to keep up with international competitors for attracting customers from countries with substantial population due to strict visa regimes The insufficient level of providing service performed by tourism organisations Tourism industry does not always correspond to the requirements of green living and sustainability Strategy Options The first key strategy task is to make improvements of competitiveness internationally. According to the information, within 2010-2011 the product competitive status in the UK domestic tourism has decreased. The reason for this was stipulated by the Government that has increased Air Passenger Duty, VAT and visa charges, while some competitive countries have lowered the same prices. For instance, a four-member family form China will have to pay at least  £600 for a visit to the UK in comparison with  £200 to the countries of Schengen zone (Report 2011, 7 p.). Moreover, the parallel of prices for accommodation and catering between the UK and other competing countries is twice as much. In such a way, the UK economy suffers a lot and loses the valuable income. Thus, tourists will count for the charges and those with low and medium income would prefer to use cheaper countrys tourism. To increase the competitiveness with other tourist countries, the following main options should be tak en into account and implemented as soon as possible by the UK government: The government should be in touch with the charges reduction in other competitive countries, and it should make everything possible to lessen VAT on tourist services. Moreover, when the government should take into account the average European rate, and if it lowers, they should take some measures to make the tourism industry more attractable and profitable. The government should make the visa process easier and make the application guidance forms better. They should also take a notice of constraints and limiting conditions about visa accessibility and any other rules and regulations. The government should support the aviation by helping tourists ease the procedure in an appropriate way. The second key strategy task is to decrease the poor and excessive regulation level. In fact the organisations of tourism industry are under heavier pressure than any other UK sectors. Hence, the Tourism Alliance conducted a thorough analysis about the preferable legislative changes. With help of the UK government the tourism organisations, especially SMEs, will have the greater opportunity to create jobs and accumulate their development. In order to relieve the impact of the poor and excessive regulation level, the possible key options may be taken into consideration: The creation of the Tourism Regulation Task Force will follow all requisite regulations in implementing the empirical, cost-effective and profitable measures. The sector as the tourism industry should be seriously considered as the vital source for the economy improvement by the new and altered legislation. The third key strategy task is to enhance the level of quality and skills. As the customer needs and beliefs about the tourism services are always rising, the level of providing such services should be high. It is considered that the developments in the workforce training and education are necessary if the UK is willing to hold its positions in the world market. Although it is the liability of the organisations that provide the tourist services on the local level, there are also some regulations and rules submitted only by the government. In most cases it is connected to the no public financing. Moreover, the difference between the big businesses and the small ones are pretty obvious as the former may afford the staff training while the latter may not. The possible main options may be as follows: To engage small tourism businesses into the estimated revenue from the Olympics Games 2012 To monitor whether the self-financing quality schemes follow the demand of tourists and whether the small organisations of the tourism industry correspond to the regulatory standards. To ensure organisations of the tourism industry in the UK in the fact that tax incentives will provide the high quality of the products offered. The fourth strategic task is to develop and increase a level of sustainability although the tourism industry is already such kind of institution. It assists and supplies any kind of services that is in demand, and sometimes the level of environmental impact is neglected. Hence, the tourism industry should be examined on keeping the appropriate level of sustainability. The possible strategic options may be the following ones: To assist programmes that enable the organisations of the tourism industry run more environmentally-friendly. To present the Daylight Saving in order to accomplish the evaluated profits of the tourism per annum, such as  £2.5  £3.5b, and to create new workplaces by 70,000, as investigated the Policy Studies Institute in 2008. To engage the tourism organisations to create and implement strategies that will stimulate visitors to get known to the sustainability. To comply with the tourists needs and demands concerning the transport means. The fifth one is to engage public financing in order to improve the public profit. The persistent cuts of public financing assets of such organisations as Visit Britain and Visit England constitute an issue that may be effectively eliminated by more useful utilisation of the Government support existed. Naturally these cuts reflect to the lesser revenue from the tourism industry. The Olympic Games is the additional source of income for the UK economy. There was an assumption that the Olympics may provide  £2b extra as a tourism income. As bright evidence the Visit Britain and its promotional campaign helps to gain  £12.5m annually for public finds. The bigger the public financing into the tourism industry in the UK will be, the greater the investments into the public sector will become. The strategic options may be offered as follows: The government should increase financing to Visit Britain in order to improve its competitive intelligence and the potential for the Olympic Games realisation to be accomplished. The government should be aware of the stable funding of Visit England with the purpose to fulfil the objectives of the Government Tourism Policy. In order to strengthen the marketing abroad the effectiveness between Visit Britain, the National Boards and London should be maintained and succeeded. The UK government should provide all requisite assistance in establishing the tourism network that will be functioning in England with complete cooperation among Visit England, destination Management Organisations, and organisations of the tourism industry. The idea of fulfilling the tasks of the Government Tourism Policy will be completed in order to implement the Tourism Strategy. The government in the UK should be open to new funding sources whether they are private or from other countries, perhaps competing ones. Moreover, the appreciation should be directed to the Regional Growth Fund by the government. The UK authorities should guide the local business partnerships concerning the demands and opportunities of the tourism organisations. Conclusions The United Kingdom has got the integral features that has and will have the essential meaning for the tourism sector development, particularly visitor attraction. The country has the significant historical background and cultural heritage. It is also the attraction to the English-speakers who would like to feel comfortable in actually foreign country. Moreover, it encourages some students to visit this country in order to improve their English skills as it is a source of original English language. In addition, the United Kingdom is a centre of valuable sport and music events, e.g. the Olympic Games. The United Kingdoms tourism industry has a wide range of opportunities. Among of them are to investigate new markets and to find new niche in the existing ones; to incorporate new cultural events, such as modern music styles, or up-to-date art approaches. However, due to some constraints and limiting conditions, the UK economy has got some losses. In order to visit this country and to have the full-fledged rest or holiday, the issue will become the high charges for everything, beginning from a flight ticket to the accommodation and catering, excluding all cultural arrangements. Moreover, the issue may be the process of obtaining visa to the UK. At the same time the UK economy and the tourism industry in particular face the actual negative impact of the above mentioned problems, which is the fact other countries with the quite the same services and opportunities are much easier to visit than the United Kingdom. Hence, a number of tourists would rather have fewer problems and visit another country, e.g. USA, Italy, etc., than they would rather have a lot of inconvenient situations and issues. To summarise, the United Kingdom tourism industry has a huge potential for growth that has not been developed yet, and the government should take into consideration all options and recommendations suggested. The first step was taken by Visit Britain and Visit England that eagerly make the attempts to popularise its own country and to engage into altering this sector structure in an appropriate way so that the UK economy will have some profit. Annotated Bibliography Evans, N Campbell, D and Stonehouse, G (2003). Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism: Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Chapter 7, 15. In Chapter 7 the authors apply the STEEP approach with the purpose to analyse the outdoor environment. Moreover, it is related to the tourism case studies as a bright example of the approach implementation. In Chapter 15 the authors provides the distinctive ways to comprehending each strategy. They also depict the critical background of every approach along with its pros and cons. Penrose John MP. Government Tourism Policy. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. UK. March 2011, 52 p. This work is devoted to the tourism industry in the UK in general and to the tourism organisations, such as Visit Britain and Visit England, in particular. Furthermore, the work introduces the crucial drivers of the UK economy and the issues both existing and possible. Porter, M (1996) What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec. This is an article where the author represents the wide range of problems while defining the actual meaning of a strategy. Tourism Alliance (2012). Annual Report 2012. Available at: . This document provides the insight into the activities of the Chairman, Policy Director and the Tourism Alliance in general. To be precise, it is dedicated to key policy objectives and financial report figures for the year of 2012 in the UK tourism industry. Deloitte Touche LLP. (2010) The Economic Contribution of the Visitor Economy: UK and the Nations. Oxford Economics. June 2010. The work introduces the general image of UK Visitor Economy, its structure, its dynamics and contribution into the UK economy status in general. The information presented in clearly comprehended via various schemes and diagrams provided.

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Smoke Signals Forgiveness Essay -- Sherman Alexie Films Movies Med

The Smoke Signals Forgiveness Smoke Signals, written by Sherman Alexie and directed by Chris Eyre, begins on July 4, 1976 on the Coeur d’ Alene Reservation. Arnold Joseph (Gary Farmer), drunk while celebrating the "independence", lit off a firework and set the Builds-the-Fire residence on fire, killing the parents of Thomas Builds-the Fire. Many people were already asleep in the house when the fire started, so no one saw Arnold’s mistake, which he kept a secret from the whole reservation. Both Thomas Builds-the-Fire (Evan Adams) and Victor Joseph (Adam Beach), Arnold’s son, were saved from the burning house. Arnold ran to catch Thomas in his arms after Thomas was thrown from a window. Victor and Thomas grew up together. After the fire, Thomas was raised by his grandmother (Monique Mojica). Victor was raised by his father Arnold and his mother Arlene (Tantoo Cardinal) in a family that was falling apart. After the fire, Arnold turned to alcohol to bury the guilt of accidentally killing the Builds-the-Fire parents by burning down their house by accident. Arnold’s drinking was out of hand. Arnold’s alcohol ended up causing him to abuse his family. He hit both Arlene and Victor. Arlene was also a drinker, but she realized that their drinking became a problem and told Arnold to stop drinking. Refusing the order, Arnold chose to leave his wife and son and move to Phoenix, AZ. For the next ten years, no one was to hear from him ever again. Growing up, Victor and Thomas didn’t get a long so well. Thomas was often annoying and Victor just wanted to be left alone. Thomas often talked of Arnold and Victor never wanted to talk about his deserted father. The last thing that Victor wanted to do was talk about the father that bailed on... ...nts. The film moved in chronological order, so it naturally showed the different stages that Victor faced while dealing with his problems caused by his father. Seeing the sequence of events in this film could cause some of us to notice how similar situations in our lives relate to this. It is this issue of forgiveness that is the most valuable from this film. The viewer can benefit from this by being able to notice how Victor got through his problems. If the viewer has problems of his or her own that are similar to this, then maybe the viewer can apply the film’s lessons to his or her life. The issue of forgiveness is the main point, but there are other great lessons and morals such as the importance of friendship, the danger of alcoholism, handling family conflicts, etc. Not to mention, there is a lot to be learned about Native American culture from this film.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Bigotry in Sitcoms: All in the Family

The impact of media communication on society is interpreted by its audiences based on numerous factors. All in the Family was one of the first sitcoms that displayed bigotry in an open forum. Audiences interpreted the show based on their specific in terms of either dominant or oppositional. Audience's interpretations were based on their individual views or beliefs. Writing Intended to have the reader perceive a specific Idea or thought Is known as preferred reading.Producers and writers Intend for their audiences to interpret their material In a specific way. If their perception is different than the intended view this is known as oppositional reading or decoding. Oppositional Readings Dominant and The character of Archie Bunker is represented as a conservative, super patriotic, working class American who is a bigot. Both a dominant and oppositional view Is perceived depending upon the viewing audience. It was the Intent of producers and writers to bring bigotry out In the open where people would laugh rather than take offense.Archie was considered a bigot who was admired for his candid style by some while others were able to accept it as amorous. â€Å"Some viewers applaud Archie for his racist viewpoint, while others applaud the show for making fun of Bigotry' (Vulgar and Reach). The article, â€Å"Archly Bunker's Bigotry: A Study In Selective Perception and Exposure reveals an oppositional reading In which viewers perceive Mike as the opposition. Mike provides rebuttals to Archive's derogatory slurs and racist remarks. The show gives the viewer a character they can relate to based on their selective perception. Avider and Reach). Archie Bunker's Attitude Archie shows he is definitely without a bout racist through his verbal comments and physical expressions In the video clip, â€Å"Hollywood Knows the Truth Opt. 1: Archly Bunker In All in the Family. † Archie classifies specific races, genders and ethnic backgrounds Into categories. Some of his verb al remarks included colored as â€Å"Jews† and polish people, Mike, as â€Å"anathemas†. Archive's expressions during the toasting scene displayed different reactions when Barney drank out of his glass versus his reaction to Sammy Davis Jar. Ringing out of the same glass. Archie didn't want to drink after a colored man. Archie asks Sammy if he thinks he Is prejudice. Sammy responds sarcastically, muff can tell the difference between black and white† (â€Å"Hollywood Knows the Truth Opt. 1: Archly Bunker In All In the Family†). Finally, when Sammy gets ready to leave, he asks Archive's friend to take a picture of him and Archie. As the man snaps the picture, Sammy kisses Archie on the cheek. Archive's expression said it all! Throughout the video clip Archie tries to prove to himself and everyone else he is not racist.No matter how much he tried to play it if, everyone was aware of his feeling on racism through his verbal comments and physical expressions. S elective Perception and Exposure unaware selective perception Ana exposure, unprejudiced viewers perceive Archie as a dumb bigoted â€Å"hardhat. † The prejudice viewer perceives Mike as a long haired, lazy â€Å"anathema Pollock. † In selective perception prejudice viewers are more apt to enjoy the show for its satire while high prejudice viewers enjoy the humor. Therefore, the show is viewed equally with allowing for opposite perceptions.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Marketing and Communications Strategy: Hackney Empire Theatre Essay

I. Introduction The dynamic nature of marketing strategy is not caused by its rapidly developing theories or its changing paradigms. It is caused by the fact that different environment requires different strategies. The difference between strategies could be very significant even though the markets are geographically located in the same region. Due to this dynamic nature, the study of marketing and communications strategy will never be completed. Concerning the issue, this paper will assess the marketing and communications strategy for exotic theatre buildings. The particular object of analysis is the Hackney Empire Theatre, which is one of the oldest and most valuable landmarks in London’s history of Theatre industry. The paper will discuss about generating marketing and advertising strategies for the theatre, segmentation and positioning strategies and also communication strategies. II. Hackney Empire Theatre Simply defined, Hackney Empire Theatre is a Music Hall built in 1901. The building is a historical place in London, especially for the performance art industry, because famous characters have all performed there, like WC Fields, Marie Lloyd, Stan Laurel and Charlie Chaplin. The building has been changing its function several times. It has even been scheduled for demolition at one time. Nevertheless, the building survived all the threats, and today it becomes a historical landmark for many reasons. One particular reason is because the building was a leading centre in alternative comedy boom in 1980’s. Stand-up comedian of all sorts had performed in this building and many famous ones too. One of its famous occasions is the Hackney Empire New Act of the Year competition. The latest development on the building is the fact that it was closed for three years from 2001 to 2004, in order to install more seats and to make the building suitable for opera performance. III. Marketing and Advertising Strategies Advertising strategies usually come about when we are finished designing our marketing schemes. In order to generate the best marketing plan, we need to first completely understand the marketing objectives. In its website, the Hackney theatre mentioned that one of its objectives is to become a recognized leader within the theatre industry, especially in offering opportunities for innovation, dialogue and engagement through all forms of theatre. In order to achieve that we need to first perform to things, which are: understanding consumers’ environment where we will operate and; understanding the potentials and conditions of the facility we are running. Both of these activities can be performed by means of strategic analysis tools. The first strategic tool that we should use to generate a marketing plan is the Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. This analysis tool helps manager understand conditions of the business environment and psycho-dynamics of the market. In terms of the theater industry, Porter Five Forces can help us understand the following factors: –  The theatre world is developing. It is used to be understood as a hard place to live, with competitive atmosphere and mediocre pay, but today the industry reported that it has contributed over  £ 2.6 billion annually to the UK’s economy. Arts council invests over  £ 100 million in 230 theatre organizations in UK for the development of the industry. So young artists and new performances are on the rise (Guide, 2000). – The environment face a rising level of competition, because audiences are also tempted by modern theatre buildings that are recently built – There is actually no competition to the historical value of the building, so the Hackney Empire Theatre will always have a unique place in visitors minds, but maintaining the attractiveness of that unique value is a challenge – The building has a different class or stature among other building. It is not easy for competitors to match the image of the building. – Its main customer segment is the high class society looking for entertainment in a presentable facility. Another analysis tool that we can use to guide our marketing and advertising strategy is the SWOT analysis. In terms of the Hackney Theatre building, the SWOT analysis could provide us the following knowledge: – Hackney Empire Theatre building’s strengths lie on its brand image and historical value. It is important that we maintain such atmosphere of class in every promotional event. – Its threatening weakness could be its ‘ancient’ image, which could be a turn-off for young and innovative artists Thus, a marketing strategy that attracts this segment should be prepared – Opportunities lay along with its efforts of dealing with its threats. If management of the building manages to design the building’s image so that it will attract young artists and novel performances, then it would generate a new opportunity for the building’s popularity (Guide, 2000) From the considerations that have been revealed by the analysis tools, we can generate various effective marketing and advertising strategy, for example: passing away discount tickets, making an advertisement to local TV and radio shows, making a demo performance in nearby campuses, etc. IV. Segmentation and Positioning Strategies In addition to the considerations made above, it is also critical that we understand the market enough to generate a marketing segmentation and positioning plan. Segmenting our customers will allow us to: better serve customers and wants, achieving higher profits, creating opportunities for growth, maintaining sustainable customer relationship, etc. Marketing segmentation requires us to do the following: identify customers based on their relevant characteristics to our business offerings; identify their needs and; developing a profile for every customer segment; evaluating the attractiveness of each segment; choosing one or several target segment and then develop a marketing mix for each targeted segment. There is no space for a detailed segmentation analysis within this paper, but in terms of theater audience, there are mainly 4 groups of people, which are: season ticket buyer, public single ticket buyer, public groups and corporate clients. Referring to the the Hackney Theatre building, the strongest marketing segment is still the upper class society looking for novel forms of sophisticated entertainments. This means the potential target segments are first: the corporate clients, second: the public single ticket buyer and followed by season ticket buyer. Thus, the marketing mix of our marketing and advertising plan must be designed to serve the first particular segment before others. For instant, the suitable advertising plan would be newspaper advertisement, internet advertisement, brochures sent directly to corporate managers, etc (Katz, 1955). V. Communication Strategies In using the mass media to influence our targeted customer segments, it is necessary that we consider these communication theories. The first is called the Hypodermic Needle Theory. This theory represent the view that people would be significantly (whether consciously or not) affected by the mass media they are exposed to and all its content. The second theory is called the two step flow theory. Under this view however, we are urged to understand that mass media influences people by multiple steps. First, it is the TV watchers and newspaper readers that are affected first, and then these groups of people will influence others on what they capture from the mass media. This explains why some effort of marketing through the mass media failed (Davis, 1981). In connection to the theatre industry, management of the theatre building should manage their advertising plan so that it would target mostly the people who are attracted to mass media. Convincing these types of people is the start of convincing the entire population. In practice, theatre advertising should made dramatic and attention getting, without losing its integrity as a high-class performance of art. Such a design might require the assistance of an expert in such advertising field.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Britpop as a representation of Britishness essays

Britpop as a representation of Britishness essays Nowadays, Britpop is known merely as a musical genre, represented especially by present-day groups such as Coldplay and Radiohead. However, it was started in the early 1990s and, similarly to most of popular art, it contains a wide range of elements of the culture in which it was born. Britpop is then, from this point of view, a representation of what is usually called Britishness. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines Britpop as a type of popular music played by British groups in the 1990s, influenced by a variety of British musical traditions (2000). This concept can be enlarged by saying that the expression was originally created by the media around 1995 to describe the music and image style of new British bands such as Blur, Oasis and Pulp. To be exact, the birthplace of Britpop was Camden Town (North-West London), where members of those three bands had lived at the beginning of their musical careers. When Britpop came out, grunge, an US neo-punk style which had previously been to the fore, had declined and therefore Britain was able to re-establish its trend-setting role in the worlds popular music industry. Actually, many people regards Britpop as a marketing or even a political strategy, arguing that the bloodthirsty tabloid media turned niche-market indie-rock stars into mainstream celebrities (The Age Online Newspaper, 2003). In spite of that, its value as a way of representing Britishness, that is to say, the group of elements that characterises the British culture, can be unquestionably recovered. Throughout the changes that the different cultures suffer, especially nowadays with the current processes of globalisation, individuals belonging to each cultural background seek ways in which they can find identity. One of those ways is by means of music; in turn, the music of each culture tends to be a representation of the various aspects of that society. In order to inve...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Essay Example

Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Essay Example Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Essay Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Essay Surveies of building direction reference the phenomena of building jobs and research the nature of building engineering. Manufacturing engineerings are categorized into mass. unit and uninterrupted procedure of productions. Construction engineering is classified as a unit production through contrasting building activities and fictions. Although the efficiency of building engineering is low in footings of unit production. it is associated with benefits such as nothing stocks and flexibleness. This study provides a description of materials/techniques used in the current building of modern domestic belongingss. industrial unit belongingss. their comparing and critical analysis of the public presentation of edifice constructions. It besides encompasses on the rules used by builders to execute their maps. features and behavior of internal stuffs used in the building. Peoples have been looking for efficient production systems since the industrial revolution. However. most undertakings are still built under traditional manner of one-of-a-kind production. Application of IT in building has besides failed to bring forth the intended consequences. Therefore. nature of building engineering needs to be understood more in order to explicate inefficiencies that are environing the engineering and theory that solves the building jobs ( Sarkar 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Daft ( 2004 ) . engineering refers to the tools. machines. actions and techniques used in transforming organisational information and stuffs ( input ) into merchandises and services ( end product ) . 1. 0 Construction engineering It involves the survey of building techniques to successfully accomplish the design of the construction with the recommended specifications ( Sabnis. 2011 ) . It includes impermanent work and survey of building equipment needed to ease the building procedure. The recent tendency is towards building taller and lighter edifices. In order to accomplish such edifices. sophisticated equipment demands to be employed in the building procedure. 1. 1 Current building techniques/materials The current methods of building provide of import benefits to developers and lodging governments which reduces the accent of on-site activity. This standard is of import peculiarly in the clip of increasing demand of an already stretched labour force. Any new execution of making things is faced with hazards. but such hazards can be mitigated through holding good planning and undertaking direction. Yvette Cooper. a planning and lodging curate quoted. â€Å"people must guarantee that the new places they are building are low-cost to the following coevalss. † This study shows that it is easier to construct cheaper and faster utilizing modern building techniques whilst maintaining high quality of traditional methods. 1. 1. 1 Modern methods of building ( MMC ) Modern techniques of building houses developed every bit early as 1945 after WWII. it was used by most of the developed states such as Germany during edifices fiction after WWII. Later these techniques spread in many states and they are normally used in India during the building procedure. As engineering. building cognition and fabrication procedures increase so make the figure of available methods of house building increases to house builders. Modern Method of building is a aggregation of new comparatively building techniques aimed at offering advantages over traditional methods ( Altenbach. 2013 ) . Conventionally. this is an country pioneered by ego builders. largely in footings of sustainable building. As developers’ sticks continually to the proved building techniques that satisfy purchaser demand. self builders have been willing to research. attempt and put something different so as to accomplish single places that meet their demand. In an attempt of increasing lodging demand. deficit of accomplishments and the set marks by Code of sustainable places. many authoritiess are promoting the house-building sector to develop and utilize MMC technique in an effort to run into these challenges. Most of these modern building techniques evolved from their traditional predecessors. Techniques such as structural insulated panels ( SIPS ) and thin joint systems with Air Crete blocks are portion of the on traveling development of lumber frame and masonry building ( Kuzio 2009 ) . Other familiar techniques have developed in the larger scale commercial building. This has brought options with interesting qualities of house edifice. Development of steel frame systems and unmoved concrete techniques led to the development of insulated concrete signifiers ( ICF ) . 1. 1. 2 Advantages of modern methods of building Reduced impact on occupants and consequence of conditions on production Controlled industry and decreased fuel ingestion and breaks as a consequence of fewer stuffs delivered. Reduced building defects and clip consumed. High quality edifices 1. 1. 3 Modern domestic belongingss 1. 1. 4 Illustrations Larger building constituents can be incorporated into either MMC homes or conventionally built. They are non full lodging ‘systems. ’ but they are factory made or site-assembled. This class comprises of the undermentioned constituents and sub-assemblies. This involves a series of assembled constituents and pre-fabricated land beams to organize speedy and accurate foundations ( Koerner 2005 ) . These are pre-fabricated panels designed specifically for floor building. Fewer on-site labor hours are needed per square metre of floor. and the decreased work at highs has safety and possible wellness benefits ( Hearn 2012 ) . It involves designed pre-fabricated panels specifically for pitched roofs. These panels are really stiff which are designed to go forth the loft free of props and prances. therefore leting easy production of ‘room’ in the building of the roof. These roof cassettes make the edifice become H2O weight more rapidly than cut roof buildings or conventional tied balk. These are roofs assembled at land degree before the shell of the home is constructed. It can be craned into topographic point instantly the superstructure is in topographic point hence making a conditions tight construction more rapidly instead than piecing the roof in situ ( Corum Scotland 2010 ) . Factory made dormers are used to rush up the roof watertight doing procedure. Pre-fabricated lightweight chimney tonss made from mills are mounted on the roof construction without utilizing masonry fluke. therefore doing them suited for building of a lightweight frame. These chimney tonss can suit flue line drives therefore working with burning contraptions. Wiring looms Cabling systems are manufactured in a manner that they can rapidly be assembled with comparatively unskilled labor. They are made of assorted lengths terminated with stoppers that are plugged into sockets and other electrical points ( Quinn 2008 ) . Standards are critical stairss from development and research to marketplace acceptance. Today. many industries are faced non merely with pull offing technological development March. but besides with force per unit areas of how to make so cost-effectively. expeditiously and with environmental and public safety being in head. The visual aspect. energy efficiency. component stuffs and habitable structures’ environmental impacts have dramatically changed over the last few old ages. This is as a consequence of successful standardisation of procedures. new stuffs and engineerings. This subdivision provides a sample of more late developed shows and building engineerings. which has been facilitated by proviso of the needed criterions by ASTM international’s proficient commissions. These criterions have swept off engineerings of new building to the pulling board and into the presently built environment. A Building’s Skin 5488940117475Exterior Insulation and Finishing Systems ( EIFS ) were used in Germany after WW II to resurface edifices that were damaged by the struggle depredations. They are lightweight. systems of multi-layer barrier that helps in maintaining wet from outer walls. With several constituents. from foam insularity panels fastened to the base and a substrate coat. to the coating coat and reenforcing mesh. EIFS is a complex system with stuffs required to link successfully for old ages so as to maintain wet at bay ( Baronial 2011 ) . EIFS criterions development has been the cardinal function of ASTM international Committee E06 on buildings’ public presentation since 1990’s. Their subcommittee E06. 58 on completing systems and exterior insularity published its first EIFS criterion. trial methods used in finding interrupting strength tensile of reenforcing mesh of glass fiber. This publication was for usage in category PB completing systems and exterior insularity. after it was exposed to sodium hydroxide solution in 2000. Stone masonry Veneer 548894093980The design freedom and cost nest eggs offered by the merchandises of rock masonry veneer have led to their increased usage in architectural undertakings. In comparing to natural rock. manufactured stone veneers can be exactly colored. reinforced with steel. and have a predictable and lasting life. The visual aspect consistence of the manufactured merchandises makes insistent usage of stuffs as a trim or ornament economically executable. Additionally. older constructions can be renovated with manufactured veneer rocks that replicate the deteriorating stone’s visual aspect ( Gunn 2012 ) . It is a engineering in which sealant adhesives are used to attach the glass to a edifice. In the last 20years. structural glazing has experienced exponential growing. It has been in usage in industrial building and other metropolis edifices all over the universe. Wood-plastic Complexs Since 1990s. recycled plastic and wood waste has been used as environmentally friendly and economic options for decks. Components such as cladding. railings. casting. turnout and trim. door frames and window ; and constructions such as little park benches. Concrete. which have been in usage for a long clip in building of roads and constructions is developing in a manner that make it less expensive. more varied. safer. easier usage and even more environmentally friendly. For illustration. a self-consolidating concrete that flows into signifiers was proposed in 1980s’ theory by a Nipponese scientist. It has late become feasible as it used in infrastructural undertakings around the universe. It belongingss are achieved by using high-range-water-reducing mixtures ; it increases the entire measure of mulcts using alloies that modify its plastic province viscousness ( Li 2011 ) . The advanced edifice enclosures’ design relies less on past successful case in points than usage of edifice scientific discipline. This is a consequence of alterations in methods and stuffs ensuing from constructing invention engineering. Earlier edifice enclosures were merely expected to supply a grade of environmental separation and be lasting. but the recent constructions must turn to issues like twenty-four hours illuming. energy efficiency. fire safety. thermic comfort. and indoor air quality and C footmark ( Grondzik 2008 ) . In half a century ago. wall public presentation demands were outlined which are now applicable to all constituents and enclosure systems. The following are the major considerations that were identified: Rigidity and strength Control of heat flow Control of air flow Control of H2O vapor flow Liquid H2O control motion Durability and stableness of stuffs Fire. aesthetic considerations and cost Since the clip of Hutcheon. extra aims such as environmental impact consideration associated with edifice stuffs and methods and the demand to supply secure and safe edifices have been adopted. The acceptable demands of wall public presentation were inexplicit within traditional stuffs and methods of building. With the modern edifice scientific discipline coming. they have become more expressed in response to technological invention. The tabular array below summarizes the demands of modern-day public presentation and their corresponding appraisal parametric quantities. Moderator versus centrifuge A critical rule used in constructing scientific discipline involves the difference between moderateness versus environmental separation. For illustration. fire and smoke control motion is a scheme that attempts to wholly separate fire and fume from the indoor environment. The attack employs a fire-related assembly that to the full controls escape of fume by virtuousness of the building of its airtight and in some instances. the air pressures’ control between compartmentalized infinites. Moderation involves a scheme where the difference between outdoor and indoor badness environments is moderated within the tolerable threshold. For illustration. heat transportation control does non seek to minimise the rate to zero. but to a degree that satisfies energy efficiency. comfort demands. and the control of wetting/condensation. The following tabular array summarizes the cardinal control schemes for constructing enclosures’ design. which is involved in moderateness scheme. A reappraisal of the corresponding control schemes and physical phenomena indicates the control of wet migration is of the most of import control map that needs to be addressed by interior decorators. Problems of wet in edifices are common and vary loosely in effects and types. These effects range from decorative defects to structural failure and in some instances the occupants’ wellness can be affected adversely as in the instance of cast growing taking to respiratory and allergic jobs. 2. 0 Range of building signifiers 2. 1 Provision and entree of internal division of infinites within edifices Service integrating should be jointly considered by the architect/designer. service and structural applied scientists. The interface between the cloth and the construction together with the service installings can do jobs. These jobs can be in footings of the demand to hold re-route services within the structural elements or the intent of go throughing through those elements ( Luraghi 2008 ) . Both structural and non-structural integrating methods should be considered. The followers are some of the infinites and divisions that an designer needs to see. They should be installed so as to supply entree to a edifice roof. The installing and design of the anchorage and the fond regard system for the ladders should be described in MMAH standard supplementary. Fuel-fired contraptions should be installed in service suites from the building’s balance by fire separations with the fire evaluation opposition which is non less than one hr. A more than 600 mm high roof infinite needs to be provided with floor entree instantly before the opening that is non less than 550 millimeters by 990 millimeters or by a staircase. It consists of canal infinites and ceiling. which is more than 600mm broad and 1200mm high. shall hold review doors. It should non be less than 300mm in both perpendicular and horizontal dimensions placed so that the full infinite or canal inside can be viewed ( Kuzio 2009 ) . A cloth is a material construction choice. technology. proper design. installing and fiction of all work together to guarantee a sound construction ( Foster 2010 ) . The function of stuff in the structure’s public presentation makes the choice procedure of import. This is true peculiarly with air-supported and tensile constructions because their frames. every bit good as their membranes carry the burden. Membrane stuffs Fabrics are typically laminated and coated with man-made stuffs for environmental opposition and greater strength. Most of the widely used stuffs are polyester coated or laminated with PVC. woven fibreglass that is coated with silicone or Teflon ( PTFE ) . Films. Meshes and other stuffs besides have appropriate applications. Polyesters It is the most often base stuff used due to its cost. lastingness. strength and stretch. They are coated or laminated with PVC movies and therefore they are the least expensive for long-run fictions. Laminates consist of vinyl movies over knitted or woven polyester meshes. Coated cloths typically use a high-tensile. high-count coated cloth with a bindable substance at the base for excess strength. Lighter cloths are normally used insulated and acoustic line drives suspended beneath an envelope of a construction. For long-run exterior application. heavier stuffs are needed: cloths with top coatings of PVF or PVDF ( Zhu 2011 ) . These top coatings are responsible with supplying a protective coating to defy environmental debasement. Vinyl-coated polyester It is a common cloth used when bring forthing flexible constructions. such as canopies. paseos. custom-designed sunshades. smaller air-supported constructions. collapsible shelter hall and light member-framed constructions ( ManCuso 2012 ) . Properties of edifice stuffs Group Properties Physical Shape. Density. Size. Specific Gravity etc. . Mechanical Strength. Plasticity. Elasticity. Toughness. Hardness. Ductility. Brittleness. Stiffness. Creep. Impact Strength. Fatigue etc. . Thermal Thermal conduction. Thermal capacity. Thermal electric resistance. etc. . Chemical Corrosion opposition. Acidity. Chemical composing. Alkalinity etc. . Optical Colour. Light transmittal. Light contemplation etc. . Acoustic Sound soaking up. Contemplation and Transmission. Physiochemical Hygroscopicity. Swell and Shrinkage due to moisture alterations 3. 2 Comparison of materials/techniques used in building The usage of steel in the residential building and lodging sector has grown quickly over the last 10 old ages. This has been facilitated due to the turning grasp of the public presentation benefits originating from the nature of the off-site of the building procedure. which is peculiarly of import in mixed-use or urban edifices. Steel building engineerings of an off-site addition the velocity of building and better the concluding quality of the edifice. and can add points to the Code for Sustainable Homes. The chief steel market in this country is in multi-storey residential edifices. and largely mix-use edifices. Domestic edifices versus industrial edifices A edifice classified as domestic is one which an person uses as a dwelling topographic point and provides separate household life quarters for separate household units ( Richardson 2008 ) . On the other manus. edifice non used in connexion with a abode and non located on the same package as a abode. it is classified as industrial belongings. Most of the industrial/commercial edifices have been utilizing pre-fabricated building such as ceiling panels. prefab wall panels. shocking system and gypsum boards to make insides of offices ( Domone 2008 ) . Prefab stuffs provide the option of buildings’ customizing for specific demands such as H2O and fire opposition and soundproofing. However. single proprietors of places have non yet gained adequate assurance with prefab building. This increases its demand for commercial infinites and from big developers but usage by persons in their places is yet to derive popularity. 4. 0 Critical reappraisal of how building constructions perform Organization construction may be considered the organization’s anatomy. supplying the foundation in which the organisation maps. Hall ( 1977 ) noted from simple observation that an organisational construction affects its members’ behaviour. The peculiar building’s construction is a major determiner of the people’s activities within it. Hall suggested two basic maps of the construction each of which may impact organisational public presentation or single behaviour within the industry. First. they are designed at least to minimise or modulate single variations’ influence on the organisation ( Brown and London 2000 ) . Organizational construction is besides the scene in which determinations are made. power is exercised. and organization’s activities carried out. Van de Ven ( 1976 ) highlighted the structure’s importance both at the fractional monetary unit degrees and the organisation for the public presentation of organisations. Decision Construction engineering produces goods and provides services at the same clip. The building procedure is holding low predictability and is extremely unsure. Many intermediate points are integrated and created by human operations with low standardisation. mechanisation and mechanization. The benefits of building engineering include high flexibleness. zero stock. and satisfactory societal demands. As these benefits appreciated. industry that is responsible with building should see bettering integrating of building occupation site activities. Therefore. we should analyze and understand the building engineering basically earlier consecutive e-construction plans and building mechanization. Mentions Altenbach. H. ( 2013 ) . Advanced stuffs patterning for constructions. Berlin: Springer. Brophy. V. . A ; Lewis. J. O. ( 2011 ) . A green Vitruvius: rules and pattern of sustainable architectural design ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Earthscan. Domone. P. L. . A ; Illston. J. M. ( 2010 ) . Construction stuffs: their nature and behavior ( 4th ed. ) . Milton Park. Abingdon. Oxon: Spon Press. Foster. J. S. ( 2010 ) . Structure and cloth ( 6th ed. ) . Harlow: Longman Scientific A ; Technical. Grondzik. W. T. ( 2008 ) . Principles of edifice commissioning. Hoboken. New jersey: J. Wiley A ; Sons. Kuzio. T. . Kravchuk. R. S. . A ; Anieri. P. J. ( 2009 ) . State and establishment edifice in Ukraine. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Leatherbarrow. D. ( 2009 ) . Architecture oriented otherwise. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Luraghi. N. ( 2008 ) . The ancient Messenians: buildings of ethnicity and memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mancuso. C. ( 2012 ) . Unsaturated soils research and applications. Berlin: Springer. Sabnis. G. M. ( 2011 ) . Green constructing with concrete: sustainable design and building. Boca Raton. Florida: CRC Press. Sarkar. S. K. . A ; Saraswati. S. ( 2008 ) . Construction engineering. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Zhu. Y. ( 2011 ) . Calculating in civil technology proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering. June 19-22. 2011. Miami. Florida. Reston. Va. : American Society of Civil Engineers. Gunn. S. ( 2012 ) . Stone House Construction. Melbourne: CSIRO Pub. . Hearn. L. . A ; Gray. K. r. ( 2012 ) . Across the nightingale floor / [ sound entering ] ( Unabridged. erectile dysfunction. ) . Minneapolis. Manganese: HighBridge. Koerner. R. M. ( 2005 ) . Geosynthetics Research and Development in Progress ( GRI-18 ) Geo-Frontiers 2005. Reston. Va. : American Society of Civil Engineers. Li. Z. ( 2011 ) . Advanced concrete engineering. Hoboken. N. J. : Wiley. Baronial. J. A. ( 2011 ) . African individuality in post-apartheid public architecture: white tegument. black masks. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. . Planing entreaty by Corum Scotland Ltd: installing of air conditioning cassettes to roof degree at 82 Hyndland Road. Glasgow: [ missive ] . ( 2010 ) . Falkirk: Inquiry Reporters Unit. Quinn. J. ( 2008 ) . An Evaluation of the Eclypse ESP Hand-Held Standing Wave Reflectometer. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center. Beginning papers

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Martin Van Buren Biography and Presidency

Martin Van Buren Biography and Presidency Martin Van Burens Childhood and Education: Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782 in Kinderhook, New York. He was of Dutch ancestry and grew up in relative poverty. He worked at his fathers tavern and attended a small local school. He was finished with with formal education by the age of 14. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1803. Family Ties: Van Buren was the son of  Abraham, a farmer and tavern keeper, and  Maria Hoes Van Alen, a widow with three children. He had one half-sister and half-brother along with two sisters, Dirckie and Jannetje and two brothers, Lawrence and Abraham.  On February 21, 1807, Van Buren married  Hannah Hoes, a distant relative to his mother. She died in 1819 at 35, and he did not remarry. Together they had four children: Abraham, John, Martin, Jr., and Smith Thompson.   Martin Van Burens Career Before the Presidency: Van Buren became a lawyer in 1803. In 1812, he was elected a New York State Senator. He was then elected to the US Senate in 1821. He worked while Senator to support Andrew Jackson in the Election of 1828. He held the seat of New York Governor for only three months in 1829 before becoming Jacksons Secretary of State (1829-31). He was Jacksons Vice President during his second term (1833-37). Election of 1836: Van Buren was unanimously nominated to be President by the Democrats. Richard Johnson was his Vice Presidential nominee. He was not opposed by a single candidate. Instead, the newly created Whig Party came up with a strategy to throw the election into the House where they felt they could have a better chance of winning. They chose three candidates who they felt could do well in particular regions. Van Buren won 170 out of 294 electoral votes to win the presidency. Events and Accomplishments of Martin Van Burens Presidency: Van Burens administration began with a depression that lasted from 1837 until 1845 called the Panic of 1837. Over 900 banks eventually closed and many people went unemployed. To combat this, Van Buren fought for an Independent Treasury to help ensure the safe deposit of funds. Contributing to his failure to be elected to a second term, the public blamed Van Buren’s domestic policies for the 1837 depression, Newspapers hostile to his presidency referred to him as â€Å"Martin Van Ruin.†    Issues arose with British held Canada during Van Burens time in office. One such event was the so-called Aroostook War of 1839. This nonviolent conflict arose over thousands of miles where the Maine/Canadian border had no defined boundary. When a Maine authority tried to send Canadians out of the region, militias were called forward. Van Buren was able to make peace through General Winfield Scott before fighting began. Texas applied for statehood after gaining independence in 1836. If admitted, it would have become another slave state which was opposed by the Northern states. Van Buren, wishing to help fight against sectional slavery issues, agreed with the North. Also, he continued Jacksons policies concerning the Seminole Indians. In 1842, the Second Seminole War ended with the Seminoles being defeated. Post Presidential Period: Van Buren was defeated for reelection by William Henry Harrison in 1840. He tried again in 1844 and 1848 but lost both of those elections. He then decided to retire from public life in New York. However, he did serve as a presidential elector for both  Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan. He also endorsed Stephen Douglas over Abraham Lincoln. He died on July 2, 1862 of heart failure. Historical Significance: Van Buren can be considered an average president. While his time in office was not marked by many major events, the Panic of 1837 ultimately led to the creation of an independent Treasury. His stance helped avoid open conflict with Canada. Further, his decision to maintain sectional balance delayed admitting Texas to the Union until 1845.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods - Essay Example 224). A major requirement of these rules is that the goods have to be in a deliverable state and that they should be ascertainable, for the transfer in the property of these goods is to transpire. In addition, if the parties to the contract of sale so desire, the property passes from the seller to the buyer. This is in accordance with the provisions of sections 18 to 20 of the Sale of Goods Ordinance. In order to determine whether a party to a contract of sale has property over the goods in question, the courts of Hong Kong apply the law of contract of sale. In instances involving a third party, proprietary rights are established by taking recourse to the rules of the common law. Some contracts of sale of goods are made in a foreign nation (Barber). In such transactions the transfer of property in the goods is governed by the law of the nation where the goods had been located at the time of their sale. In the context of personal property that had been disposed of in a manner that was binding, as per the law of the nation where this property had been located at that time, such disposition has a binding nature in any country (Barber). It is only on being separated from the bulk that goods no longer remain unascertained. Property in such goods does not pass until these goods are separated from the bulk. ... 415). Under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Ordinance, a contract is termed a sale, if the property in the goods is transferred to the buyer from the seller. On the other hand, if the transfer of the property in the goods transpires at a later date or if the transfer is to take place only if some condition is to be satisfied, then the contract is termed a sale agreement (Sale of goods). Section 3(4) of the Sale of Goods Ordinance states that a sale agreement is transformed into a sale, when the time passes or the stipulated conditions governing the transfer of property in the goods are fulfilled. Moreover, section 3(2) of the Sale of Goods Ordinance states that a contract of sale could be conditional or absolute. Since the buyer had paid the sale amount and asked the seller to retain the goods for 4 days, the sale transaction had been completed and Kowloon Tong Squash Club had become the owner of the goods as per the provisions of Sale of Goods Ordinance The provisions of section 27 of the Sale of Goods Ordinance, address situations wherein the seller of goods remains in possession of the same or the documents relating to their title. In such instances, if a buyer purchases these goods from the seller, then the buyer may obtain good title. It is to be construed that the seller had been explicitly authorised by the buyer in the prior sale. However, the buyer in the subsequent sale should have acted without notice of the prior sale and in good faith (Mau, 2006, p. 288). There are two situations that could arise, whenever the owner of some property legally parts with its possession. First, the owner intends to exercise exclusive control over the property, which deprives the receiver of the property of any possessory rights.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Making Ethical Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Making Ethical Decisions - Essay Example What is the problem? The problem faced by the manager is to determine if it is indeed the best option to fire the employee based on absenteeism and customer complaints versus the employee’s possession of personal virtues of honesty and not stealing. 2. What are your alternatives? The alternative courses of action are: (1) fire the employee; (2) give the employee a warning or reprimand depending on the number of absences and customer complaints; (3) consult the company’s code of discipline that should guide the decision-maker on appropriate courses of action depending on violations of company policies; (4) do nothing. 3. What are the effects of each alternative? Firing the employee without just cause will subject the manager under legal complaints for violating labor laws, especially if the employee is a permanent employee. Giving the employee a warning or reprimand, depending on the number of absences or customer complaints would make the employee aware that management does not tolerate his inefficiency in his working behavior. This would also give the employee a chance to improve his performance. Consulting the company’s code of discipline would ensure that the employee knows the penalties for his absences and the manager would implement the option depending on what company policies state. Finally, by doing nothing, the employee would not have the chance to improve on his working performance. 4.

Business Health Check for the Brighton Beach Hotel Essay

Business Health Check for the Brighton Beach Hotel - Essay Example This report starts with a study of the environment in which the business operates. It considers the main management processes used by the organization, and compares the functioning of its major departments. The analysis considers how the resources and assets deployed in the business can be more productively deployed, and the quality of the company’s strategy, in view of its strengths and the threats it faces as well. The report attempts to take a long-term perspective, considering the future values and relevance of today’s practices. PEST Analysis is a term integral to this report, which deserves a special description. This method considers the political, social, economic, and technological factors that have significant impacts on the fortunes of the company. The results of this analysis are appended to this report, after the list of references. This report also refers to the concept of a Mission Statement. The latter is an expression of the main purpose of an organizat ion. It serves to unite efforts throughout an organization.

University fees should not be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

University fees should not be abolished - Essay Example Before getting into the issue itself it is necessary to provide some discussion on the reasons why in some cases universities took on the initiative to abolish fees.The actions of the university are more or less the same in almost all developed countriesIn recent times some ideas have become redundant and politically incorrect. Most incoming students in the universities stand in long queue to get admission into the universities for the courses that have been closed for hours before they arrived. In such cases it is discouraging to ask students to pay for wasting time. The universities of the developed nations could not compete with the American economic system as they failed to bridge the gap in actual learning created by the public universities. Arguments There has been a long standing concern that pupils from lower socio economic backgrounds are forced to stay out from attaining higher education especially from attending universities. The social mobility is constraint due to high i nter generational correlation in attainment of education. Even if the concerns regarding the equity are left out then also efficiency is lost for the society as a whole. Two sets of actions can be undertaken to analyze the reason for the situation to arise. The first action can be directed towards intensive studies while the second action can be directed towards the policies necessary to address the issue. ... If en economic policy aims to eliminate a monopoly while the market becomes competitive as well as efficient the monopolist will be in a worse off situation. A competitive economy will result in Pareto optimal allocation when there is presence of full information in the economy and there is absence of externalities. Increasing returns to scale in technology is absent. The government can intervene into the market to facilitate the flow of information, manage the existing externalities, provide public goods and manage the income distribution within the society. The university or the college staffs can shift the resources effectively for more efficient allocation so as to ensure maximum outputs given inputs. As there inefficiencies in technical and allocation exist a significant portion of available resources go wasted. The state and university college is confronted with the Production Possibility Frontier. A tool can be designed for the purpose which will embody the resource constraint s and simplified assumptions on the college and university’s production possibilities. The assumptions as are follows: Two goods are produced while resources are fully utilized and budget is endowed as resources. The feasible and the non feasible mixes of output are depicted in the PPF. A Pareto efficient situation is possible only in cases where there are feasible mixes of output. Technical efficiency reflects the ability of a firm to avoid waste and attain maximum output level from a given set of inputs. The firm can attain such type of situation by mainly two ways. The firm produce as much output as possible by using the technology and inputs or by using just optimal amount

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Strategic Planning for Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Planning for Advertising - Essay Example On the other hand, as Wanadoo's chiefs believe, re-branding will enable the UK ISP to compete more effectively in the field of providing a host of services under one brand name (Armitt 2005). In addition, hence Wanadoo intends extending the services it has been providing, new brand will better reflect the range of new offerings. Some of the new services include combined mobile and Internet access, a broadband telephone that tells when a customer receives emails and remote surveillance of a customer's home through a mobile or a computer. New possibilities will enable a customer to transfer photos stored on a phone through the ISP's wireless Livebox hub to photoblog and an interactive mobile guide providing location-specific information when on the move (Woffenden 2005). FT Group intends that Orange will become the group's worldwide brand for mobile, broadband and multiplay services, and re-branding Wanadoo is one of the steps on this way. The expectations of the company are clearly ex pressed by the Wanadoo's spokesman: "A single, integrated brand strategy will enable the company to compete more effectively against our competitors. It will help to accelerate the momentum of the FT Group's ambition to become the leader in convergence. We will have a single brand with global clout" (The Register 2005). Despite of the company leaders' optimism and good expectations, there are some problems to overcome in the situation with the re-branded ISP though. Considering the fact that Wanadoo brand itself replaced Freeserve ISP only 14 month ago, the new re-branding may confuse the customers: "For customers in the UK, it's yet more confusion as the ISP takes on yet another identity" (The Register 2005). In addition, previous Freeserve's metamorphosis into Wanadoo was supported by pounds 20m TV, press and billboard campaign (Hirst 2004). In future advertising campaign the company chiefs should be ready to invest again to save old customers and attract new ones. Summarising all written above, we can outline the general situation. One of the leading UK ISPs Wanadoo becomes the acquisition of a well-known brand Orange. Parent corporate - Communications Group France Telecom - intends becoming the leader in providing the host of services under one brand name and the UK ISP is the step on a way for this strategy realisation. The FT Group's targets on the UK ISP market are to save Wanadoo's customers

Desire satisfaction theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Desire satisfaction theory - Essay Example It gives weight on the present action time and can cause tension with previous desires and cause regrets in the long run (Shafer-Landau, The ethical life, 2014). It is important to note that pleasure and pain are often inside people’s heads. Thus, the well being of individuals consists in the satisfaction of the people’s preferences and desires. The most important part of desire satisfaction is the overall level of desire achieved in the entire life of an individual. The more desire satisfaction an individual has in his life, the better for them. It is important to note, however, that we desire things because they have independent good on us and not that they are good because they will ultimately satisfy our desire for them. Objective theory of human life suggests things that has items that are neither useful in pleasurable experience or in satisfaction of our desires. For instance, we can consider either knowledge or even friendship. This theory suggests that we take what is self sufficient according to us, as what makes life worthy of any choice and lacking nothing. If, for instance, an individual views that well-being is only existent in friendship and pleasure, another individual can dispute this by showing that knowledge is also something that enables the well-being of individuals. To determine what goes into this list, it is important to rely on reflective judgment or intuition. This makes the theory less satisfactory compared to the other two theories. It is clear from this theory that intuition does not rule out argument. Argument brings individuals to see the truth. Intuitions can also be mistaken thus proving to be a strong defense line for hedonists. The most convincing theories of the three is the hedonism theory. It state that individuals always acts in pursuit of what their minds think will give them the greatest pleasure over pain. Human beings, in this theory, have been given two choices

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Strategic Planning for Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Planning for Advertising - Essay Example On the other hand, as Wanadoo's chiefs believe, re-branding will enable the UK ISP to compete more effectively in the field of providing a host of services under one brand name (Armitt 2005). In addition, hence Wanadoo intends extending the services it has been providing, new brand will better reflect the range of new offerings. Some of the new services include combined mobile and Internet access, a broadband telephone that tells when a customer receives emails and remote surveillance of a customer's home through a mobile or a computer. New possibilities will enable a customer to transfer photos stored on a phone through the ISP's wireless Livebox hub to photoblog and an interactive mobile guide providing location-specific information when on the move (Woffenden 2005). FT Group intends that Orange will become the group's worldwide brand for mobile, broadband and multiplay services, and re-branding Wanadoo is one of the steps on this way. The expectations of the company are clearly ex pressed by the Wanadoo's spokesman: "A single, integrated brand strategy will enable the company to compete more effectively against our competitors. It will help to accelerate the momentum of the FT Group's ambition to become the leader in convergence. We will have a single brand with global clout" (The Register 2005). Despite of the company leaders' optimism and good expectations, there are some problems to overcome in the situation with the re-branded ISP though. Considering the fact that Wanadoo brand itself replaced Freeserve ISP only 14 month ago, the new re-branding may confuse the customers: "For customers in the UK, it's yet more confusion as the ISP takes on yet another identity" (The Register 2005). In addition, previous Freeserve's metamorphosis into Wanadoo was supported by pounds 20m TV, press and billboard campaign (Hirst 2004). In future advertising campaign the company chiefs should be ready to invest again to save old customers and attract new ones. Summarising all written above, we can outline the general situation. One of the leading UK ISPs Wanadoo becomes the acquisition of a well-known brand Orange. Parent corporate - Communications Group France Telecom - intends becoming the leader in providing the host of services under one brand name and the UK ISP is the step on a way for this strategy realisation. The FT Group's targets on the UK ISP market are to save Wanadoo's customers

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Discuss how Benedicts work developed Boas vision of anthropology and Essay

Discuss how Benedicts work developed Boas vision of anthropology and whether it also represented a new direction in American anthropology - Essay Example This paper will explore what culture could have given Benedict a true sense of all this cultures. The paper will explore Benedicts work and how it sought to spread the importance of culture in individual personality formation. The paper will summarize Benedict’s views on culture capturing the views of some of her best-selling anthropological books.   The influence is quite evident as Ruth was a student of boas and she had great passion for him. It was in Columbia University in 1919 where the two started working together one as a student (Ruth) while boas were a teacher (Benedict & Mead 1977). The influence cannot be undermined given that Ruth wrote in her work about the love she had for boas. It is true that love doesn’t just happen but often is a result of attraction towards style type or ideologies presented by an individual that leads to admiration and finally love. The love of Ruth on boas must have been as a result of his ideologies and way of thinking. The work developed by boas must have had great impact and influence on Ruth. Having rise to the position of president of American anthropological association in no doubt influence American anthropology. In her search for career she attends some classes in anthropology and at that time she attended classes lectured by Alexander Goldenweiser the student for boas (Moore 2009). And he must have influenced her to continue e pursuit in the same career. It could actually be the point where she decided to pursue career in anthropology that she shared a class with a student of boas. After that class with Alexander a student for boas she actually developed great love for sociology. It is amazing how a student of boas made her feel in love with anthropology and later on having great passion for boas and his work. Alexander sent her to boas at Colombia University for further pursuit in the career. Boas took the role of a father and to her boas was like a father; in extension contribute

Monday, October 14, 2019

The Cost Leadership Strategy

The Cost Leadership Strategy From his literature research, Porter found the complete framework of Porters Five Forces and Generic Strategies. The long development of Five Forces Analysis has brought to the fact that those forces become the determinants of the industrys competition. These five forces are treat of new entry, rivalry among existing firms, treat from substitute products, bargaining power of buyers, and bargaining power of suppliers. Furthermore, five forces analysis is treated by the organization to measure the level of competition, besides that, it is used as a strong first step in understanding how one industry compares to another and also to determine industry profitability because they influence the prices, costs, and required investment of firm in an industry. In order to be competitive enough, a normal company that seeks profitability would have to understand how they work in its industry and how they affect the company in its particular situation. Therefore, Three Generic Strategies were implemented to establish a strategic agenda for dealing with these five forces. Porter (1980) proposes that if firms pursue any of his three recommended generic competitive strategies they will be able to outperform competitors who do not pursue such strategies. The recommended strategies are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategy. Cost Leadership Strategy This type of strategy meant for organizations that has goal to achieve the overall lowest cost structure in an industry. This can be fulfilled through applying efficient business system in an organization. An efficient business system creates cost efficiencies and economic of scales to allow a firm to become the lowest-cost producer. Normally, economists believed that an increase in accumulated experience of a firm in producing or distributing a product or service could decrease the cost of producing or distributing a product or service. However, lowest-cost structure cannot be achieved by cutting the cost alone in one area of business; it demands a reduction in costs on all the departments. Cost leadership not only helps a firm to take down the competitors but also increase market share along with better profit margins. Furthermore, this strategy is believed to work best in the certain circumstances. Firstly, the cost leadership strategy can be applied when the price competition among rival sellers is especially strong. Secondly, the strategy is suitable for standardized product or readily available from other sellers in the industry. Thirdly, it works best when organization could have few ways to achieve product differentiation, so that buyers get very sensitive to price differences. Unfortunately, this strategy has weakness since it concerns cost reduction rather than quality of the product that leads to decline in the popularity. It is also supported by the fact that nowadays customers are really critical about the quality of the product that makes more customers choose quality rather than cost conscious. In addition, this strategy will become ineffective with an increase in overall cost of a firms production inputs. Automatically, an organization will find it hard to hold a cost advantage over a longer time in business environment that keeps changing rapidly. Differentiation Strategy Nowadays business environment is really competitive, marketers cannot achieve its goals unless they hold some differential advantage over their rivals. In recent years, much attention has been committed by the marketers to maintain specific competencies; uniqueness could be a strength that makes an organization looks better from its competitors in the eyes of customers. Therefore, uniqueness can be used in gaining a competitive advantage. Obviously, the distinctive competencies also bring incremental value to the market offering when compared to the other offerings to the customers. In consequence, an organization must use different sources of differentiation at different times to build an importance image to its customers. For examples, better features and quality, efficient distribution, research and development, better image of product or service, and also the most important improved customer services. Marketers have realized how customer services could create the business image a nd also build the strong relationships with customers. In the opinion of Thompson and Strickland (1999, cited et Sahaf, 2008) differentiation strategies work best in the some markets circumstances where there are many ways to differentiate the companys offerings from that of rivals and many buyers perceive these differences as having value. In addition, it is also match with the market where buyer needs and uses of the item or service are diverse, few rival firms are following a similar differentiation approach, and technological chance is fast-paced and competition revolves around evolving product features. Although differentiation strategy looks perfect but it also gives some challenges to the organization to complete it. Firstly, it is a difficult task to identify the sources of differentiation that are important for the customers and difficult for the competitors to copy. This task is time consuming and not suitable to the business environment that rapidly changes. Secondly, many of people still prefer to buy low-priced products or services over the products that have desirable features since people have mindset why they should purchase the more expensive one if that the products do not give any incremental value for the customers in a firms market offering. Focus Strategy Focus strategy as suggested by Porter (1985, cited et Sahaf, 2008 ) is based upon the choice of a narrow competitive scope within an industry. By attempting this strategy, it means the organization tries to focus on a particular market segment and to achieve its objective by becoming the market leader in a niche market. The segment may be a group of customers that differentiated by ages and sex. It is believed that an organization can be more efficient and effective by focusing its efforts to a narrow target rather than broad target. Accordingly, this strategy has objective to employ either cost leadership strategy or differentiation strategy to a part of market. A cost focus strategy aims to lowering the prices of the product or service by controlling costs in a narrow target market. For example, a firm is able to be the low cost producer in only one product line. Meanwhile, a differentiation focus strategy means striving to tailor made products to the specific needs of the market s egment. Thus such a strategy could utilize some element of differences of firms market offering to a narrow market segment. For example, a firm may employ its distinctive competencies to focus on one or a few target markets. Thompson and Strickland (1999 cited Sahaf, 2008 ) added that focus strategy will be useful enough to apply on the following circumstances. Firstly, it works best when it has no other rival is attempting to specialize in the same target segment, added with the fact that is quite hard for multi-segment competitors to meet the specialized needs of the target market niche. This strategy also fits when a firm does not have sufficient resources or capabilities to go after a bigger piece of the total market so focus strategy will work well on this situation when it concerns on one market segment. Although the focus strategy looks popular among the organization over past decade, there are some risks that need to be considered if a organization commits to this strategy. Firstly, by focusing only to narrow target, the organization doesnt entitle to enjoy the benefits of the economy of scale that generally occurs in the wide target. Other risks come from the fact that the success of focus strategy over last few years has been attracting many rivals who may think to join the industry that resulting in an increase in the strength of competition. It is believed that an organization not only needs to have entire knowledge about the events and happenings in the industry but also requires choosing among the above mentioned three generic strategies in order to ensure a better marketing performance. Different strategies suggested by Porters generic model call for different organizational systems and capabilities. For example, organizations with adequate resources and good controlling systems may prefer to engage cost leadership and a firm with strong Research and Development facilities may get better results through differentiation strategy. Whereas a small firm with poor resources and inadequate RD facilities may be better off by serving niche markets, therefore, will be more comfortable with focus strategy. three generic strategies.jpg Relationship between Porters Generic Strategies Analysis and Industry Forces The three generic strategies suggested by Porter can be effectively utilised to defend against competitive forces in the business environment. The industry forces take the form of competitive rivalry, barriers to entry, threat of substitutes, buyer power and supplier power. The relationship will be explained below. 1. Competitive Rivalry Competitive rivalry or also called the competition among existing competitors takes many familiar action such as price discounting, launching new product, advertising campaigns, and service improvements. The competitive rivalry signs that it will limit the profitability of an industry because the cost of competition will tend to increase. Highly competitive rivalry normally occurs when the industry is a mature, growth slowly and the players that take part into the competition also have the same strength or size. The only way that company can expand or increase the market share is by attracting the customers so that customers could be commit and loyal. In such situation, the benefits of a cost leadership strategy would be that competitiveness in price. For example, Southwest Airlines Company offers low cost air fare to the customers by eliminating some features or services such as no meals on the board, no assigned seats, interline baggage checking, or premium classes of service. Thus, price tells everything that normally people who want to save cost will go for the lower price. Besides that, Southwests frequent departures and low fares attract price-sensitive customers who used to travel by bus or car, and convenience-oriented travellers who would choose a full-service airline on other routes. This is a proof that cost leadership strategy can be implemented in this type of industry, and resulting in good benefits to the companies. However, as competitors pay high attention to price, cost leadership strategy may not be a favourable as all companies would apply the same strategy too and it ends up by reducing their price dramatically. As such situation, differentiation strategy may give better opportunity to the company because it would able to retain loyal customers and they may stay with the company. The reason why it could retain some loyal customers is the task may seems hard to accomplish for competitors to cope with specialised needs of customers who are part of a niche segment in the market. For the example at here is Starbucks, is a well know coffee company that is differentiated by top of the line image and reputation of twin-tailed mermaid. Starbucks spends a lot of time and energy differentiating itself from the competition such as its design of coffee shops, the music played there and the types of products it sells, such as tumbler, coffee-brewing equipment and jazz CDs. As for focus strategy, companies have the benefits of keeping the differentiation-customers needs so that their rivals are not able to bet them. It cant be denied that companies who applying such strategy have the possibility to charge a premium price for superior quality or may be offering low price product to a small and special group of buyers. Companies like Chanel, Gucci, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts make use of successful differentiation-based focused strategies targeted at wealthy buyers wanting high quality of products and services with world-class attributes. 2. Barriers to Entry Industries that have potential ability to be profitable could attract the outsiders ( companies that dont involve in the particular industry) because there is chance of entering the industry and taking a part in the profit making. New entrants may create the competition, since it has targeted for the same customers that will lead to higher levels of marketing, sales, and promotional expenses by all competitors as the requirements for differentiation continually increase. If a company employing any one of the three strategies would find it easy to create barriers for new entrants. The barriers that cost leadership strategy could offer is economies of scale. It may be considered as one of the barriers. In some industries a companys ability to compete will based on whether it can produce its product or service at a cost that is low enough to offer low competitive price. The experience that company gain for over the years cant be defeated easily for new entrants to compete on price. For example, economies of scales can be found in practically every activity in the value chain; which ones are most important varies by industry. In microprocessors, incumbents such as Intel are protected by scale economies in research, chip fabrication, and consumer marketing. Intel has been dominating the market for a long time and it really difficult for a new entrant to enter because it will require large capital. For differentiation strategy, it is an advantage to the company who adopt this strategy because normally those companies have huge amount of loyal customers toward the companys brand. Thus by knowing this fact, it could discourage the potential entrants to enter the industry. For the instance take the trend of smartphone industry all over the world. This smartphone industry involves three major players that are Blackberrys Research In Motion (RIM), Googles Android, and Apples Iphone. New entrants do not dare to enter the market because they worry whether they are able to compete with the existing players. In addition, also companies that employing the focus strategy over time often develop an understanding through research of their customers preferences, which is a very difficult task for a potential entrant. By doing this way, focus strategy can act as an entry barrier too. 3. Threat of Substitutes Substitutes could have two effects on industry competition and profitability. First, the substitutes products establish a maximum price for products and services in the industry; exceeding the maximum would prompt customers to move to the substitute products that are available. Second, substitutes can shape the competition in an industry to rise their marketing and promotional efforts to stem the outflow of customers. Automatically, it gives pressure to the competitors in the industry to keep the prices as low as possible and to spend more much fund to attract and retain customers, which can depress sales and profits in the industry. For the example, downloading mp3 music to the mp3 player compared to buying CDs in music stores. In order to survive or fight this force, company could apply the cost leadership strategy that aims lower price production against the substitutes. Selling price is one of factors that influence the customers decision whether to purchase the product or service or just switch to the substitutes. Take IKEA as an example, IKEA offers the furniture style at low cost to the customers who are happy to do self service rather than employing a salesman. Furthermore, customers are expected to do their own pickup and delivery so that it helps cutting the selling price of the products. By doing so, IKEA can compete with its substitituttes and retain the customer loyalty. Other than cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy may also be considered as the method to eliminate or minimize these threats of substitutes. If the companies offer products that are differentiated which have no substitute product, it will minimize the threat. For the example, pharmaceutical companies that offer patented drugs with distinctive medical benefits have more power over health maintenance organizations, hospitals, clinics, and other drug buyers such as drug companies. Also by applying differentiation-focused strategies, it does effectively reduce the threat of substitutes. Threat of substitutes is reduced in case of the differentiation-focused strategy due to customer loyalty to the unique aspects of a particular product or service. Again we can take IKEA as an example at this strategy; IKEA has differentiated its marketing strategy on how to attract the young customers. IKEAs marketing concept its unique and not offered in other furniture companies. IKEA displays every product it sells in room-like settings, so customers dont need a decorator to help them imagine how to put the pieces together. And every product has a tag that explains the product materials, size, and price. 4. Buyer Power In the business world, buyers play the main role in the existence of the organization. As we know, buyers action will affect the profitability of the industrys competitors with their purchase choices. The profitability levels in any industry come from the bargaining power that buyers have in purchasing services and products offered. Buyers may affect profitability by demanding that competitors spend money to deliver other valued dimensions such as improved product quality, extended payment terms, promotional support, and other services. Buyers can be said powerful if they have the ability to negotiate leverage relative to industry players, especially if they are price sensitive, using their influences primarily to pressure price reductions. Nevertheless, the buyers power is able to change because it depends with the three generic strategies. Company might attract the large and powerful buyer if the company adopting cost leaders because it has the distinctive capability to offer lower price options to that kind of buyers. It is a benefit to the company to be a cost leader in the industry, one of the benefits is to get customers trust and confidence to the company. Hence, the company can maintain its competitive advantage in the market as other rivals would not able to get strong and powerful buyers. On the contrary, companies employing the differentiation and focus strategies would have a different scenario. It means that buyers in case of these two strategies would have less power as there are few alternatives available to them. For the example, the buyers of Windows operating system for computer or laptop, produced by Microsoft have much less power due to the fact there are not many other alternatives available to them. Even, there is alternative, it is not common to use since people are comfortable using the Windows operating system. Thus, Microsoft not only maintains it competitive but also controlling the market of this industry that actually created the monopoly market. 5. Supplier Power Generally, suppliers that are called powerful will keep more of the value for themselves by charging higher prices, restricting quality or services, or shifting costs to industry participants. In addition, powerful suppliers can press profitability out of an industry that is unable to pass on cost increases in its own prices. At this case, again Microsoft could be a good example; it has contributed to the erosion of profitability among personal computer (PC) producers by increasing prices on operating systems. Definitely, the industry of PC is competing extremely for customers who can easily switch among the producers. As a result, PC producers at this situation have limited freedom to increase their prices. If the supplier has a significant impact on a companys profitability, then it hold substantial power. For example, there is no substitute for what the supplier group provides, the suppliers would have major power and control in the industry. Pilots unions, for example, exercise considerable supplier power over airlines partly because there is no good alternative to a well-trained pilot in the cockpit. Thus, it proves that such companies would have ability to pass the price increases of suppliers to their final customers, through the premium pricing strategy in the scenario of differentiation and focus/niche strategies. What makes differentiation and focus strategy different is the low volume that owned by employing focus strategy even though the firm that applying differentiation-focused strategy is able to pass on supplier price increases easily. Meanwhile in the case of cost leadership strategy, they are isolated from powerful supplier. It normally occurs in the industry that suppliers have essential customer. Hence, suppliers profitability will be closely tied to the industry, and they will want to protect the industry through reasonable pricing and assistance in activities like RD and lobbying (Porter, 1979). . Read more: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/housing/industry-forces-and-generic-strategies.php#ixzz2B36ZAXOp http://www.marketingteacher.com/image/content/five_forces.gif , http://www.managementstudyguide.com/porters-model-of-competetion.htm